|
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (Public Law 89-665; 16 U.S.C. 470 ''et seq.'') is legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices. Senate Bill 3035, the National Historic Preservation Act, was signed into law on October 15, 1966, and is the most far-reaching preservation legislation ever enacted in the United States. Several amendments have been made since. Among other things, the act requires federal agencies to evaluate the impact of all federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties (buildings, archaeological sites, etc.) through a process known as ''Section 106 Review''. ==Early development== Preservation is a rather early development in America. Although there was no national policy regarding preservation until 1966, efforts in the 19th century initiated the journey towards legislation. One of the earliest efforts of the preservation movement occurred around the 1850s when George Washington’s home, Mount Vernon was in shambles. His nephew attempted to sell it to the federal government for $200,000, but no one bought it.〔Christopher J. Duerken et all., ''A Handbook on Historic Preservation Law'', edited by Christopher J. Duerken (Washington D.C.: Conservation Foundation: National Center for Preservation Law, 1983), 1.〕 To prevent further destruction or conversion to a resort, Ann Pamela Cunningham created the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association to fight for this house. After establishing the first group promoting preservation efforts, they raised the money to acquire the property and protect it from ruin. Due to their efforts, not only does this house stand to represent the nation and the birth of independence, but it also, “served as a blueprint for later organizations.”〔Christopher Tunnard, “Landmarks of Beauty,” ''With Heritage So Rich'', chaired by Albert Rains, directed by Laurence G. Henderson (New York: Random House, 1966), 30. & Mitchell Schwarzer, “Myths of Permanence and Transience in the Discourse on Historic Preservation in the United States,” ''Journal of Architectural Education'' 48, no. 1 (September 1994): 3-4.〕 In 1906, an act was passed on the behalf of the nation’s history and land. President Teddy Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act that “prohibited the excavation of antiquities from public lands without a permit from the Secretary of Interior.”〔Thomas F. King, ''Cultural Resource: Law and Practice'', 2nd ed. (New York: Altamira Press, 2004), 19.〕 It also gave the president authority to declare a specific piece of land a national monument, therefore protecting it from scavengers and proclaiming national identity.〔Duerken, 8.〕 In 1916, the Department of the Interior established a new entity known as the National Park Service, the nation’s first agency to regulate and manage public space, including the national monuments.〔King, 19.〕 “Over the past fifty years the NPS has acquired more than of land, including not only the great chain of parks preserved for their natural beauty and value, but an extraordinary variety of historic buildings, monuments, and sites.”〔Walter Muri Whitehall, “The Right of Cities to be Beautiful,” ''With Heritage So Rich'', chaired by Albert Rains, directed by Laurence G. Henderson (New York: Random House, 1966), 48.〕 By 1935, Congress formed the Historic Sites Act that established a national policy for preservation and permitted the Secretary of Interior to create programs on behalf of preservation efforts.〔Adina W. Kanefield, ''Federal Historic Preservation Case Law, 1966-1996'', rev. ed., http://www.achp.gov/book/TOC2.html (accessed April 19, 2008).〕 Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), one of the established programs, provided jobs for architects, engineers, and surveyors who suffered from the Great Depression era. They were to record, document, interpret, and survey historic properties.〔King, 20.〕 The Historic Sites Act, also, organized the national parks under the National Park Service, which created the foundation for the future development of National Register of Historic Places.〔Duekern, 8.〕 Although the Antiquities Act and Historic Sites Act were major stepping stones for the preservation movement, it did not create a public “national awareness.”〔Kanefield.〕 On October 26, 1949, President Harry Truman signed the National Trust for Historic Preservation act “to facilitate public participation in the preservation of sites, buildings, and objects of national significance or international interest." In addition, the bill enforced public participation in preserving and protecting the sites, buildings, objects of national significance in American history.”〔Whitehall, 49.〕 Initially, the National Trust for Historic Preservation did not provide funds for preservation projects. Today, they are able to offer funds for planning and education, providing a plethora of information, techniques, and methods to assist people in applying preservation locally. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National Historic Preservation Act of 1966」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|